Must learn

Roland Barthes (semiotics):

Signs - anything that can have meaning

Signifies - the thing that creates meaning

Signifieds - the meaning that is created

Codes- an element of media language that creates meaning for the audience.

Hermeneutic code - something within the media product that creates mystery or suspense.

Proairetic code - (action codes) refers to something within a media product that suggests that something will happen.

Symbolic code - something within media product that creates a deeper meaning for the audience.

Key Theory- Claude Levi- Strauss

Structuralism:

Binary opposition: Where two concepts, messages or values are presented in direct opposition with oner another. Levi-Strauss suggested that our perception of the world is based on binary opposition.

Albert Bandura - The effects model (The hypodermic needle model/ Brain washing theory.)(Key Theory 15) He experimented on children.

He thought that the producers brainwash people and inserted ideologies.

A reason it's still believed is because it's a easy and simple theory to understand and it also gives people someone to blame.

George Gerbner- Cultivation theory:

The idea that prolonged and heavy exposure to T.V... cultivates, as in grows or develops in audiences. Therefore if you watch a lot of films about men being the stronger sex that's what people start to believe.

Clay Shirky- 'End of audience' theorist:

Audiences are no longer passive: they interact with media products in an increasingly complex variety of ways.

Hegemony: Where one group wields power over another, not through domination, but through domination, but through coercion and consent.

Stuart Hall- Reception Theory/Audience Response:

·         Dominant Reading: The audience agrees with the dominant values in the text, and agrees with the values and ideologies it shows.

·         Oppositional Reading: The audience completely disagrees with what they see, and rejects the dominant reading.

·         Negotiated Reading: The audience generally agrees with what they see, but they may disagree with certain aspects.

David Hesmondhalg: The cultural industries

He said that...

horizontal integration is key to the media industry.

Vertical integration involved in different stages of production and circulation.

Conglomeration

Curran and Seaton:

Media concentration limits variety, creativity and quality.

The media is controlled by a small number of companies primarily driven by the profit and power.

More socially diverse patterns of ownership can create more varied and adventurous media productions.

Paul Gilroy- theories around ethnicity and post colonial theory:

·         Colonisation is what happens when one country takes over another country and forces their culture on them

·         Linked to the hierarchies

·         Racial hierarchies and othering - From Gilroy's perspective, is is another method of establishing hegemonic control

David Gauntlet:

He believed that audiences construct their won identities through what they see on television.

He also believes there are many more representations of gender than the traditional 'gender binary'.

Steve Neale- Theories around genre

He believes that genre is essentially instances of 'repetition and difference'. He suggested that texts need to conform to some generic paradigms to be identified within a certain genre- but must also subvert these conventions in order to not appear identical.

The dominant ideologyy is the social norms we're subjected too.

Hegemony is the power over us through consent and not through force. It is a system of control, and we follow the systems all the time.

Judith Butler- Gender theory- the idea the sex is what your born with either female or male. Gender is what you see yourself as- it's a performance

Lisbet van Zoonen- Feminist theory

The idea that...

Gender is constructed through discourse, and that its meaning varies according to cultural and historical context. The display of women's bodies as objects to be looked at is a core element of western patriarchal cultureThat in mainstream culture the visual and narrative codes that are used to construct the male body as spectacle differ from those used to objectify the female body.

David Gauntlet- Theories of identity:

Pick and mix theory- Suggested that audiences can pick and choose certain ideologies which suits them and ignores other parts of the products they don't agree with

 Audiences are not passive, and media products allow the audience to construct their own identities

Lisbet Van Zoonen- Feminist theory

Male gaze theory

Gender is constructed through codes and conventions of media products, and the idea of what is male and what is female changes over time. Women's bodies are used in media products as a spectacle for heterosexual male audiences, which reinforces patriarchal hegemony.

bell hooks- Feminist theory

·         Most famous book is "feminism is for everyone"

·         Feminism is a struggle to end patriarchal hegemony and the domination of women

·         Feminism is not a lifestyle choice: it is a political commitment

·         Race, class and gender all determine the extent to which individuals are exploited and oppressed

Regulation theory- Sonia Livingstone and Peter Hunt

The increasing power of global media corporations, together with the rise of convergent media technologies and transformations in the production, distribution and marketing of digital media, have placed traditional approaches to media regulation at risk.

Henry Jenkins:

This is where fans of the media product read it in a way that is wasn't really intended. an example of this is shipping- where fans will take two characters and they will want them to be together. this is a type of negotiated reading, as it is not what the producer intended for the audience to see. it is an active audience theory as the audience is choosing what they want to take from it

Reception theory: Stuart hall- reception theory- encoding/decoding- preferred(when the audience agree with the ideology), negotiated(your in the middle), oppositional( you don't agree with the ideology/reject it ), aberrant (when you don't understand it)

Charity Advertising:

Water Aid Advert- Claudia (key text)

Focuses more on the positives

Water is shown to bring the community together

Showing her as not a victim which differs from other charity adverts

Binary opposition between the dull weather in England between the bright colours at the end when they're together getting their water.

Statistics have been used of 650 million people still needed to be helped. This makes the target audience feel bad for those who don't have clean water and makes them feel as though they could help and change peoples lives by donating the money.

Symbolic code- the water symbolises hope,happiness, and new opportunities

Tide Advert:

This is advert is very stereotypical of post war time women. With the lady hugging a washing powder which is very specific assumption on what a female wants. This is also a  code which implies the women need/ want this product giving the impressions she needs this product like she needs a man. The z-line of the advert goes straight to the slogan of " Tide's got what the women want!" then missing out a lot of information as there is alot of text within the advert.

Colours connote that this product will lead to a better life, also the colours used are what are seen as female colours.

Context of the advert:

 An American advert and company

Still leading brand in America today as it was in the 1950's

Designed for heavy duty

A large well respected and loved company- DMB&B

Was well know for their use of the "house wife" character

Tide is loved by women- their unique selling point.

Ideologies that are cultivated:

Ideology that the washing is just a female role

Ideology that tide is the best washing product

Ideology that women do the cleaning shown through that only females are in the advert it is cultivated

She's the archetypal housewife.

Another ideology that's been cultivated is that women love cleaning as she is hugging the cleaning product and smiling

A low angle shot has been used to give the impression that the "house wife' character is more powerful which would appeal to the target audience. I think a proairetic code has been used which suggests she's about to do the washing.

Sans-serif font has been used within the advert which would appeal to the middle class audience.

The colour red suggests women are only there for the cleaning and for a relationship.

direct address has been used as it address the women about buying the women. The close up shot of the women which indicates she is the main character of the advert.

the symbolic code of the colour white in the back ground symbolises purity and also cleanliness.

The z-line sums up the main parts of the advert without having to read all of the writing. Summing up the narrative of the advert as the Advert was also played on the radio, this advert also has a TV feel with the narrative.

The use of makeup implies the product makes you feel better about your self as you get dressed up to do the washing.

Language analysis:

There's a very direct mode of address used within the advert. Also the use of direct makes the advert have a more personal feel especially with the quote " No wonder you women by more TIDE then any other washday product!' This also gives women a sense of community as "the housewives."

However the use of "you women" gives a great sense of authority of them looking down on the women.

"sudsing whizz" is an example of archaic language which was everyday use of language for the working class in the 1950's.

Language has also been used to exaggerate the product describing it as a "miracle". Even though it isn't as its just soap.

Ideology- Women like and want to clean, and that they should clean.

Kiss of the Vampire:

 

·         Gothic horror film

·         1963

·         Target audience: male heterosexuals

·         Connotative Features:

·         Females wearing revealing clothes= attraction

·         Black-death

·         Red-blood

·         Foreign antagonists

·         By 1963 standards is this is them barely wearing any clothes (underwear).

How the story is told:

·         Vampire Costumes- Gothic horror

·         Blood- someone will get hurt

·         Two in white/lighter colours symbolises purity and the innocent characters

·         Symbolic code- the red on the vampire jacket- audience assume there will be death, blood or romance.

·         Character archetypes- Damsel in distress

·         The representation of women in this poster is that there objectified.

·         Male characters aren't objectified or sexualised in this poster unlike women. They aren't standing around barely dressed unlike the females.

·         Binary oppositions- light/dark, evil/innocent, kiss/vampire, male/female, power/helplessness.

Newspapers:

Daily Mirror (set text):

·         Tabloid newspaper/redtop

·         Working class audience

·         Owned by Reach PLC (perviously known as Trinity Mirror)

·         Founded in 1903

·         Circulation 587,803 (2017)

·         Sister paper- Sunday Mirror

·         Reach also publishes a range of local newspapers , Cambridgeshire Live

·         Slogan " The intelligent Tabloid. Hashtag madeyouthink"

·         Cover price 80p

·         The Mirror is owned by Trinity Mirror.

 

Daily Mirror are very anti-Trump therefore they are bias against Trump. As a result of this they are politically biased. Consequently changing the readers ideology, Making them hate trump.

The use of rhetorical interrogative critically make the reader think what situation has American got themselves into. Suggests that the target audience is English which is shown through the wording 'they'.The statue of liberty holding his head in shame connotes America is ashamed of themselves(American values presented through the statue). Mise-en-scene of the dark gloomy sky is a proairetic code as it suggests something bad is going to happen- war or destruction. The producers ideology is that they don't agree with the Americans people to vote Trump in.

Infers that people only voted for Trump to get rid of immigrants, this is shown through the use of the bullet points. One intended audience response is anger and frustration at the voters. The use of the box makes critics think otherwise about which types of people voted not just stereotypical American's.The gesture of Hillary Klinton's head help high makes her seem powerful and well put together. The camera angle empathises her dominance. Hillary Klinton's positioning in front of the American flag makes her seem more for America whereas Trump is just in front of a blue background. The positioning of their images n the far left and far right empathises how different they are.

The Times:

·         Owned by News UK, a subsidiary of News International, an enormous media conglomerate which also publishes

·         Long established, a British institution est. 1785

·         Sister paper: The Sunday times

·         Circulation 2019: 417,298 a day

·         Compact format, easier to read!

·         Vertically integrated industry

·         Currently £1.80

·         Daily newspaper

·         Right wing

·         Middle class, older audience

The Times and The Sun are owned by a company called News International. The owner is Rupert Murdoch. Right winged newspaper.

Here they are bias through selection and omission. The selection of language implies he has an impact on the whole world not just America. America is shown as something which is going to become a 'new world' not just for the select few but for everyone. The fist could stand as a symbol of unity. The quote on the left uses reassurance which implies not everyone is so sure of the choice in President even though they are a right winged newspaper. The repetition let's the target audience know his intentions. The use of personal pronouns makes it direct to the American's However the use of repetition is also sarcastic criticising the selection of Trump. The use of 'you will be' sounds forceful and commanding.

Adbusters:

·         Culture jamming'- The practice of criticising and subverting advertising and consumerism in the mass media, by methods such as producing advertisements parodying those of global bands.

·         Commodity fetishism:

-          Giving significant value to an object 

-          representation is far more important than other things

·         Marxism:

·         -Is about conflict between working class and ruling class (people who own businesses)

·         -Working class are exploited by the ruling class- to control them and keep them in their place

·         -Supported communism

·         -Believed commodity fetishism is another way of keeping

·         people in their place

·         ADBUSTERS:

·         Published by monthly by Adbusters media foundation, 1989- present

·         Price: £10.99

·         Circulation: 120,000 readership

·         Set edition: May/June 2016

·         Genre (from website): independent/ campaigning/ culture jamming

·         Not for profit magazine

Potential Genres:

·         Black humour- satire

·         Genre is not immediately clear- each cover is different with no indications on the front about what is inside the magazine  

·         Parody- an imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect.

·         Political

Brand identity:

·         Simple

·         Informal mode of adress

·         All different building a specific target audience

·         Mainly images

·         Short, straight forward mastheads

·         Different layout- varies design

The representation of women in Adbusters is consistently subverted. In every case in Adbusters the genre norms are being subverted, it goes against hegemonic ideas of genre.

For example in the advert there is a female models legs but then her top half has been replaced by a cage of african people- migrants. The image lacks anchorage. Adbusters frequently use the technique culture jamming which is shown in this advert. These two images form what Levi Strauss would call a binary opposition, creating conflict. The image one the bottom is in colour which connotes wealth, health and joy. However the image on the top in black and white connotes poverty, gloom and struggle. The female legs connote the fashion industry. Lizbet van Zoonen theorised that women are only products to look at.

Adbusters take away the audiences response to the model.

Loubouton shoes:

 

Similar topics as a result controversial as African people in pain is very offensive

Pun of 'red soles' because the bottles would make uncomfortable shoes and make their actual feet red

Conventions of a fashion advert with a photograph of the 'product'

Little language

No anchorage

Images lack anchorage

Little lexis 

Binary opposition of rich and poor

Could link to the way that some people find material items important however it is now saying how other things are more important

Christian Loubouton are designer shoes which start at around £800

The dominant ideology of the producer is to make the audience feel guilty for spending money on expensive shoes instead of giving money to charity

The dirt background suggests this is of someone from Africa- intertextuality

Referential/symbolic code "red soles are always in season"

Dark humour is used

White background connotes purity and innocent- binary opposition making the smaller image stand out

 Unconvetual use of mid-shot

Image is not anchored

Binary opposition of the imprisonment and then the model

There is frustration from the man

Black and white image connotes sadness which is a proairetic code which could imply a fight going to start

The two images are completely different- binary oppositions, wealth and poverty, colour and no colour, cramped and spacious, struggle between life and death and a comfortable life

Loubouton logo juxtaposed wth image of a black persons feet in shoes/flip flops made from two squashed plastic bottles tied together with bits of ragged material to communicate an anti-consumerist ideology

Not wearing shoes break hegemonic rules

You get Cultural capital from wearing these shoes 

Commodity fetishism:

- Giving significant value to an object 

- representation is far more important than other things

Marxism:

-Is about conflict between working class and ruling class (people who own businesses)

-Working class are exploited by the ruling class- to control them and keep them in their place

-Supported communism

-Believed commodity fetishism is another way of keeping people in their place

Adbusters are protected by the fair use policy

Woman magazine:

August 23-29th 1964

·         Cheap magazine 80p in todays money

·         The title is serif font and fancy, which could connotate how women are seen

·         Has elements of romance and domestication with the handwritten style

·         Purple/pink stereotypically feminine colours

·         Women's magazine became very popular in the post-war period and, in the 1960's, sales of women's magazine reached 12 million copies per year. Woman's sales alone were around 3 million copies per week in 1960.

·         Women were objectified during these times, that the women were the cooks.

·          The mens roles were to work and provide for the family.

·         Demeaning consenting representation if women.

·         The stereotypical views of women and what they could do was changing during this time

·         Advertisement started including women in their ads suggesting women were gaining more power/ money

·         Viewed women had desedable income

·         Cheap magazine 80p in todays money affordable/ approachable- a weekly magazine

·         The title is serif font and fancy, which could connote how women are seen

·         Has elements of romance and domestication with the handwritten style

·         Purple/pink stereotypically feminine colours

·         There is a strong Z-line with the title and the band at the bottom of the page which draws the audiences attention to the fact that to be a proper women or considered as a proper women you have to be interested in the kitchen.

·         The hand written style masthead is more informal therefore is more appealing to the target audience of females ( middle aged women 30 ish)

·         The purple background suggests the wall of a kitchen

·         Identifies women as stay at home wives

·         The model is plain and uninteresting which allows the audience to identify with her

·         The lightening is delicate, bright and happy as well as optimistic which implies thats how women should be (high key lighting)

·         Not a high end magazine

·         Another audience response is it is a personal response that the magazine is friendly

·         Ideology that women should wear makeup as it says at the bottom about being an a-level beauty therefore they believe by reading the magazine they will become beautiful( hermeneutic code) 

·         The use of the word 'your' is demanding and tells females what their 'role' is. (direct mode of address)

·         Men would of reacted to this magazine as it being for women only therefore they wouldn't buy the magazine

·         Men also might find the model sexually appealing which would make women buy the magazine as they inspire to look like the cover model, to please their men.The use of 'seven star'  implies the audience is inadequate and not good enough

·         Secondary audience (young girls) would aspire to be like the model when they grow up.

·         There is also an element of pride of being British as someone famous says "British women have a special magic"

·         Not every women would buy this magazine as there were others around such as vogue who's cover models were more interesting with less plain cover models.

·         The models teeth have been air brushed which makes them stand out which is aspirational as she is seen as the perfect woman

·         Her outfit is traditional for women which reinforces hegemonic rules in the way in which women dress. The flowers are also very stereotypical to women.

·         The large headline could empower women as there is a whole magazine designated to them

·         The connotations of the word 'woman' is more of a modern term used for them

·         Direct mode of address with the cover model looking straight at us- creates a affectionate/ friendship kind of look.

·         Very feminine related issues such as cooking

·         Reinforces the idea of stereotypical housewives

·         Very stereotypical contents page, cooking and knitting

·         Heading is called beauty instead of health therefore showing how women look is most important

·         'Make up to work miracles' implies women who do not wear make up aren't very attractive- hegemonic  power

·         Emphasises that women are supposed to be mothers- hegemonic code - another way in which to be a super successful woman

·         One response is its a way in which women can express themselves by making up the kitchen

·         The use of 'any girl' makes women seem incapable

·         different audiences might really get into this article while others might find it really boring and no bother reading it

·         A sexiest article saying "get the man in your life" suggesting audience are attached to a man

·         This suggests women don't have access to much money in the first place as they have to watch how much money they're spending  if not it will annoy their husbands

·         Positive as it encourages women to do D.I.Y

·         Another positive reading is its showing a young male learning to cook which wasn't the done thing during this time

·         Could cultivate the ideology that women belong in the kitchen

·         Based heavily on how women can please men

·         Cooking comes up throughout the article enforcing the ideology that it is important women can cook

·         British women are seen as exotic- mysterious and different

·         Objectifies women in this article

·         He isn't shown as sexually attractive which is something he played up too

·         The four images of him are a symbolic code

·         Grace Kelly looks passive in this image unlike Alfred Hitchcock in his multiple images

·         Monologue- Alfred Hitchcock- suggests his power and importance

·         He also stereotypes women into all being the same

·         Representation/ Audience response - advertising in Woman:

·         This is a soap advert which cultivates that women should do the washing and looking after the house

·         The word 'darling' is used repeatedly- patronising

·         That women are all sexy and this soap makes them sexier

·         She's not in a bath however she is covered in soap

·         She's all glammed up with immaculate makeup and hair

·         Creates the assumption that if you buy this magazine it will help you look like the model

·         The soap provides you will kindness which could represent he man in their lives

·         Closed body language which empowers women as she is controlling how much of her body is on show

·         The advert also points out that women can smell as well as males

·         There is binary opposition of being gentle in order to clean, however it is also tough because it is destroying dirt

·         The word 'gentle' implies that this is how women should always want to be

·         Representation of women - Advertising in Woman:

·         Mid-shot emphasises her interest in the make up as she is directly looking at the makeup

·         Implies women are more interest in the makeup than sex and a man

·         Mid-shot emphasises that she is putting make up on to look good for the man

·         Her make up is already immaculate yet she is putting more on

·         Patriarchal hegemony  as women are wearing make up which is to look good for the males

·         Shows a direct correlation between putting on makeup and attracting men

·         Creates the assumption that women need men

·         The man is looking at her in the same way that she is looking at her makeup

·         'Beauty at a moments notice' implies women who don't wear makeup are lazy and unattractive

·         Could be empowering as the women isn't looking at the man which challenges stereotypical representations of women

·         Challenges stereotypes as she isn't at home she is actually at some sort of station which for women was a big deal during these times

·         Stereotypical representation of men in the advert of them being dominant and very shallow liking women for their looks

·         In the advert there is one women surrounded by men

·         Men is dressed professionally in a suit

Music videos:

Riptide: 2013- Vance Joy

Context:

·         He is Australian and is a singer, song writer

·         Signed to Atlantic records

·         His genre of music is folk-pop

·         The video was directed by Dimitri Basil and Laura Gorun and has had nearly over 210 million views on youtube

·         Riptide was Vance Joy's first single to be released in the USA, following his debut EP(extended play)  " god loves you when you're dancing". It became a platinum selling single (needs to sell a million copies to be a platinum selling single)

·         To the beat editing

·         Muted colour palette - mise-en-scene

·         General theme and narrative- montage of shots suggests themes of drowning,dying and death

·         Alternate theme and narrative- an unpredictable and deliberately misleading montage of shots

·         Deliberately invites polysemic interpretations

·         Emotional response- cold, confusing

·         Montage consistently matches the themes of the lyrics e.g 'cowboy running' is matched with long shot, canted angle, symbolic of dual personalities, afraid of what he has become

·         Intertextuality-  the mise-en-scene suggests the conventions of a western film therefore functions as a referential code

·         Referential codes create audience appeal, as only certain audiences will understand the reference

·         Horror is also referenced in this video. The mid shot of the seance and the mise-en-scene of the ouija board is referential of horror cinema, in particular 70's horror films

·         One ideology that is presented is women are vonuerable

·         Very stereotypical representation

·         Intertextuality of films and other music videos

·         Women are represented as being a stereotypical damsel of distress 

·         Women are consistently shown as in distress

·         Women are made to look powerful by doing stereotypical manly things such as smoking

Feminist ideology encoded:

·         Shown as confident - bright colours(yellow) , stripping in front of the camera

·         Presents a mocking parody of sexism in music videos ("how to photograph girls" which connotes that women are purely present to be looked at by heterosexual men)

·         Many shots of women in stereotypical male clothing

·         Low angle mid shot of woman holding arms in a gesture that connotes power

·         Mid shot of blonde women bound in mise-en-scene of tight ropes connotes the restrictions that women face in society, and is critical of the notion of women as a 'weaker sex'- connotes of 'being tied down' with maternal responsibilities etc

Formation- Beyonce:

Context:

·         Formation is the lead single from the album Lemonade, was released the day before Beyonce performed at the super bowl final 2016

·         The music video has won numerous awards including a Clio award for innovation and creative excellence 

·         Formation is exclusive and aggressive

Binary Oppositions:

·         Mise-en-scene of the police car with her sitting on it symbolising rebellion, which is further anchored by her carefree and powerful facial expressions

·         Intertextual conflict- Police persecution of black people

·         Hanging out of the car, conflicts with B's facial expressions

·         Contrast between poor, dilapidated neighbourhood and rich  antebellum house-

·         B wears an antebellum dress (what a slave trade owners wife would wear) which creates a binary opposition as she is black (BME) - This signifies cultural appropriation, but also demonstrates B's power over the past

·         High key spotlight in empty swimming pool, shorts, crop tops and 70's loose afros and Librarian glasses

Television:

Humans:

First  3 scenes:

·         Hermeneutic codes are also used

·         proairetic code- at the beginning that we see one of the robots move out of all of them demonstrating that she will be significant

·         Cinematography of HUMANS:

·         first shot of the warehouse full of people uses a dolly shot which shows the vastness and multitude of bodies in there

·         crane shot/high angle of the people with only one movement gives the girl significance

·         introduction to the characters by having establishing shot of the city, shots within the house and mid shots of eat characters

·         low key lighting within the warehouse makes it seem secretive

·         contrast and binary opposition using colour and lighting of the green and bright with natural light where the real people are and where the synths showing the two very difference situations. demonstrates the theme of conflict between the synths and the 'real' people

·         low angle of the moon shinning through the ceiling of the synth factory demonstrating the importance of the moon to the codes and conventions of the episode

·         long shot of the Hawkins family living room, showing various family members sprawled out on their phones- stereotypes of teenagers and technology

·         high long shot of all the synths emphasising how lonely it is

·         cold, blue colour artificial led lighting connoting unnaturalness and creating a creepy atmosphere, emphasised by the low key lighting

·         over the shoulder shots/ close ups  of Anita/nude male and female bodies, with the camera tracking slowing down on female bodies. Assumes a heterosexual male audience. However forces the audience in a voyeuristic position, where the synths are cold and creepy

SOUND AND MISE-EN-SCENE:

·         theme tune is heavily synthetic

·         use of pan pipes is a bit creepy

·         uses high pitched noises

·         electronic/ 'techno music' plays as Anita is powered on - Non-diegetic sound emphasises Anita is not only the protagonist but also unique- this is an example of Leitmotif

·         In the opening credits all sounds made using digital, synthetic music, artificial, establishes key themes to the audience

·         intertextuality reference- opening theme tune sounds like electronic music produced by bands like Daft Punk or especially Kraftwerk- gives the show vital context - this demonstrates the show takes place in a very different world to ours

·         assorted news footage and articles (montage) which is called stock footage which has had a digital distortion over laid- conforming to the key message of the show- what is real?

GENRE FLUIDITY:

·         referential codes relating to numerous sci-fi films such as, 2001 (1969) and Blade runner (1982)- the extreme close up of the eye- demonstrating themes of emotions and humanity

·         Camera work:

·         low angle shot

·         establishing shots

·         Tracking shot- dolly

·         low key lighting - when its dark/ less intense

·         Artificial lighting

Les Revenants:

Las revenants- The returned

·         (from wikipedia)- The Returned (French: Les Revenants) is a French supernatural drama television

·         series created by Fabrice Gobert, based on the 2004 French film They Came Back (Les Revenants), directed by Robin Campillo. The series debuted on 26 November 2012 on Canal+ and completed its first season, consisting of eight episodes, on 17 December. In 2013, the first season won an International Emmy for Best Drama Series

·         also has elements of crime

·         first broadcasted on 26 November 2012 on canal +

·         united kingdom 9th June 2013 on channel 4

·         2 series, 8 episodes each

·         based on the french film "they came back" (les revenants) (directd by Robin Campillo 2004)

·         created by Fabrice Gobert

·         the entire show is based on hermeneutic codes

·         Simon:

-          he represents young men and looks youthful

-          the leather jacket and dark hair are something that could be stereotypically associated with someone who's attractive

-          the darkness of his clothing and hair seems quite mysterious, like his character, and could make them more attracted to him because of the mystery

-          he looks stereotypically french because it is aimed at a French audience

-           

·         Camille:

·         -school girl, she's represented as young and naive therefore representing young girls

-          lack of make up goes will the french culture/society

·         -pale skin makes her seem almost shy, and delicate which again goes with her representing young girls

·         -red hair makes her stand out as its unconventional

·         -A-typical representation of a teenage girl- binary opersition she's older beyond her years

-          she is a complex representation/ character

·         Claire: (the mum)

-          she represents mothers, and by her plain attire and her simple yet dressed hair, she seems to be the type of woman who is "basic"

-          the audience may see this and relate to how busy she is, so much so that her beauty and fashion lays in what is quick and simple

-          she is a stereotypical aspirational mother

·         Julie:

-          represents older, single woman and her dark hair is not what is considered stereotypically attractive

-          the target audience may feel that if you are a single woman living on your own that you are a bit unorganised and also may make her seem a bit strange, like an outcast

Funding:

The EU has a funding programme, which is called "The European union's 'creative Europe' programe'. Haut et Court were awarded grants of £450,000 for the first season of the show in 2012 and £1 million for the second season in 2014.

also funded by the alps tourism board

Video games:

Assassin Creed 3- Liberation ( the game we need to know):

·         Published by Ubisoft in 2012 for the playstation Vita, with a subsequent HD re-release for Playstation 3 and Xbox 360

·         Trailer for 2014 re-release:   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5RxYUw4DFY

·         Pegi 18 - regulated in a different way to films

·         In May 2019, the game will be re-released as a part of Assassin's Creed III Remastered for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows.

·         to start with the game sales didn't meet the companies expectations which is why it was then rereleased on more consoles in 2014

·         Didn't get very good reviews and the story line was heavily criticised

·         Critically the game didn't do well which heavily impacts sales

·         Being rerelased a second time is an easy way to make more money as only things need to be tweaked not completely designed

·         600,000 copies were sold on the first release on only the ps vita which is really low considering its a triple a

·         Targeting a minority audience (black female led in the game) subverts expectation that target audience is young straight white men- black female avatar/character

·         New missions- targets pre existing fans

·         Common industry practise to re-release games on more popular consoles

·         Tackles big ideological issues about slavery and colonisation - pushes boundaries, creates bigger word of mouth

·         Trailer is very similar to the film Django Unchained which was released in 2012 the same year this video game was originally released - it is a cult film which deals with slavery in anti-bellum America

·         High quality animation, graphics, locations and sound track - very high production values

·         This is a big budget, hight quality game developed by Ubisoft

·         Multiplatform release of the game on both PS3 and Xbox 360

·         Minimising risk by going for a larger, general audience through Multiplatform release

·         Trailer shares the conventions of a high budget Hollywood film such as voice overs/narration, also had lots of proairetic code (action)- high quality orchestral soundtrack

·         Mise-en-scene of all assassins creed are very similar- historical settings

·         Assassin’s Creed III sold 3.5 million copies in its first week

Radio:

BBC radio funded through licence fees

Late night Women's hour:

·         Is a spin of from a radio show called women's hour which was a long running BBC radio 4 daily magazine programme

·         Late Might woman's hour is broadcast once a month, late at night, is presented by Lauren Laverne and features a number of female panellists

·         Each episode focuses on a certain theme thats relevant to their middle class middle age female

·         11pm Friday Night (also known as the grave yard slot)

·         Broadcasted by the BBC - BBC radio 4 started in 2015

·         Episode notes:

·         Subject: Homes

·         Explores wider cultures e.g looks at the word "hygge- being comfy" which is a Danish word

·         Family orientated would appeal to possible stay at home mums

·         Has an author of a cookery book as part of the panel

·         Aimed at a more educated audience through the use of big words, discussions on politics, feminism and the home ('democratisation', 'antithesis', 'egalitarian')

·         Panellists enjoy craft which is a typical female activity

·         Discusses individuality and personality- the way people are overtaken by Ikea and commercialised images of the ideal home

·         Seems to express the need for comfort, striving for perfection

·         A sense of inclusivity between individuals and the feeling of how you bring each other together

·         Not a lot of focus on strong, feminist perspectives but more about the way that women had been expected to do in the past and still are today

·         Some conversation on emotion which men may not typically understand however if men listen to the show they may get a greater understanding from the show of how the women in their life feel

·         very middle class- snob like  " i knew my marriage was over when we were ordering a Ikea wardrobe'

·         Round table discussion

·         'Winter mug'

·         mode of address is very middle class

·         'Square scarfs'

·         'Only have 20 books'- the response was shock from the other panellists

·         It paints a 'utopia' for the audience

·         The show could be argued as sexist- draws a binary between men and women- emotional women and hard working men

·         Seen as the edgier version 

·         Never discusses sex

Online media:

·         YOUTUBE is self regulated

·         Web 2.0 - white backgrounds, clean cut

·         Vlogging is interesting because the target audience is typically young people

·         Its an example of participatory culture - end of audience theory

·         Vlogging has become one of the biggest and most influential form of media-42% of internet users have watched a blog in the last month

·         50% of 16-24 year olds in the last month

·         Demonstrating the importance of vlogging in young people

·         Producers sell audiences

Zoella:

·         Most popular beauty vlogger in the UK

·         Her target audience is really precise and targeted 

·         Has 12 million youtube subscribers

·         Started in 2009

·         She's 28 years old

·         10.9 million follows on instagram

·         13.6 followers on twitter

·         147th most subscribed channel

·         Has collectively 1 billion video views

·         Has a second channel called "more zoella" that has 4.8 subscribers

·         Lifestyle, fashion and beauty vlogger

·         Rebranded from 'Zoella' to 'Zoe Sugg'- who also has her own cosmetic brand called 'Zoella' - this could be to try and make her brand more mature

·         Primary form of online communication is Youtube

Video- "June faves 2016":

·         Intertextual reference to Disney film- lion king

·         her facial expressions are very expressive and exaggerated

·         she has a neutral British accent

·         Her vocal delivery is undulating with its movements and tones, much more American

·         She doesn't swear - if she did she would be demonetised (doesn't get money anymore)

·         Frequent jump-cuts - a cut from one thing to the same thing - increases the level of authenticity

·         Mistakes are intentionally left in

·         Her mode of address is like a children's TV presenter

·         Looks like a character from a Disney/pixar animated film

·         Linda Blaker photo shoot reinforces the Disney princess idea 

·         She's very child like, petite, slim

·         Doesn't sound like an adult (even though she's 26)

·         Her teeth are a little wonky- not hollywood perfect - makes her more relatable

Attitude Online:

·         Targets gay British men

·         Attitude is owned and published by Stream - horizontally integrated

·         covering the period July –Dec 2014. Attitude digital has 12,701 readers which is a year on year growth of 27.4%

·         Main imagine is stereotypical of a homosexual man, with the posed face and the bow tie and also the mise-en-scene of the umbrella- he's stereotypical attractive for a homosexual audience- he's staring out of the photograph

·         The basic colour scheme of white background and small coloured accents connotes to the LGBT flag

·         Anchorage of the title juxtaposes the stereotypical confidence of a homosexual man, and also makes him more feminine

·         San serif font is very simple and bold, and makes it easy to read and understand 

·         Use of green folio (category) helps reader understand which section of the site they're on

·         The target gay British audience would know about the West-end and the audience being predominately gay

·         The hash tag '#queerAF podcast' - intertextuality- assumes that the audience is interested in that side of the article

·         Targeted to a younger audience through the use of a hashtag and also that they call it a 'student' podcast

·         Labelling themselves 'queer' is a example of re-appropriation

·         Mise-en-scene connotes old school musicals such as singing in the rain

How are Gay men represented in Attitude online?

·         Hyper-sexualised images of men are frequently used within the magazine- big focus on openness and 'out-there' sexualisation- the magazine and website have a definite target audience and may go 'hidden' in general society

·         Multiple articles that suggest that homosexuals are vulnerable, they also aim to give gay people more confidence refers to 'coming out'

·         Conforms to the stereotypes that homosexuals are vain, there are many articles about looks- a focus on aesthetics

·         Promiscuity is very prominent within the style and lifestyle arguments

·         Represented as feminine as they're described as 'beautiful'

·         Article on gay rugby team focusses on the team's body image as opposed to their sporting progress, again reinforcing an emphasis on aesthetics

·         Represented as extravagant and with an exotic lifestyle

·         Proud and self confident- gives the audience confidence to come out and to live with pride

·         Singular and stereotypical representation of men - like in woman's magazine with females

·         This is a very specific representation of masculinity - singular and stereotypical representation - cultivates the idea that this is what gay men should look like - its not diverse

·         This may be a reaction to the stereotype that gay men are feminine